SOS Hydration - Intense Treatment Serum

With its beautiful, intoxicating scent, this rose water of the highest quality is a completely natural product with wonderful beauty benefits. It is an extract of damask rose petals, obtained by distilling fresh flowers, and contains water-soluble volatile and aromatic compounds from roses. This hydrolate is rich in antioxidants, bioflavonoids and carotenes that penetrate the skin and support its health. Thanks to its strong antibacterial properties, it is made without preservatives, and is hypoallergenic and gentle on the skin. As well as being used in cosmetics, it is used in cooking to flavour desserts and drinks, and supports digestion when consumed in small amounts.

Rose water is an excellent toner that hydrates the skin, balances its pH, cleanses pores and stimulates regeneration. It has strong antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, disinfects, prevents inflammation and tightens pores. It soothes irritated skin, reduces redness and puffiness, and promotes healing in skin affected by acne, eczema or rosacea. As an antioxidant, it protects against free radicals, slows ageing, improves elasticity and helps prevent wrinkles. It is used at a concentration of 100 % as a toner or spray, with no need to dilute it, ideally morning and evening.

We recommend it for dry, sensitive, oily, acne-prone, dehydrated and mature skin. It is ideal for children, people with allergies, and after shaving, hair removal or sunburn. In summer, it refreshes the skin as a spray, sets make-up and removes blackheads. Suitable for anyone looking for natural, alcohol-free skincare.

A study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2011) showed that Rosa damascena hydrolate at a concentration of 100 % significantly reduced inflammatory markers in patients with acne by 68 % after 60 days of daily application, thanks to its phenolic compounds and essential oils (Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011). Further research in Phytotherapy Research (2015) reports that the antioxidants in rose water improved skin hydration by 25 % and reduced transepidermal water loss in dry skin (Phytotherapy Research, 2015).

The earliest records of aloe vera as a medicinal plant date back thousands of years to ancient Egypt. Hippocrates also used aloe vera in his treatments, and Christopher Columbus called it the “doctor in a pot”. Aloe barbadensis is the most precious and sought-after variety of aloe vera among around 300 species of this plant. Cleopatra herself used its beauty benefits to help maintain her beauty and keep her skin and body fresh and full of vitality. Aloe vera is a source of a wide range of vital elements, including vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, E), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine, as well as manganese, copper, zinc and chromium), amino acids (aloe vera contains as many as eight essential amino acids), and even enzymes, lectins and saponins – active substances that act against viruses, bacteria, fungi and infections. “Cleansing” lignin allows substances to penetrate deep into the skin. Anthraquinones help relieve pain and combat bacterial growth and viruses. The juice of this plant has adaptogenic properties, meaning that each cell in the human body uses only the substances it currently needs. To preserve these nutritional qualities, found in the gel-like substance inside the aloe vera leaf, the plant must be grown and processed correctly to prevent oxidation, which reduces its beneficial substances. When exposed to oxygen for more than 4 hours, the gel-like substance in the leaf oxidises and loses its value (you may recognise a similar reaction in a freshly cut apple, which quickly turns brown). Aloe must be stabilised. Stabilisation is a patented cold process that ensures the aloe stays just as it would be if you had freshly cut the leaf yourself. This process uses neither heat (stabilisation takes place at around 30 °C) nor chemicals, as these would destroy aloe vera's active components. Aloe vera protects the body from the harmful effects of oxygen free radicals, repairs and regenerates damaged cells and tissue, and can guide immune cells to the site of damage. Aloe vera has powerful detoxifying properties that help the body remove waste materials, toxins and bacteria, including from your digestive system.

Aloe vera juice intensely hydrates the skin thanks to polysaccharides, which form a protective film and lock moisture deep within the skin without leaving a greasy feel. It restores the skin barrier through vitamins and minerals that support cell regeneration and collagen production. As an antioxidant, it protects vitamins C, E and beta-carotene from free radicals, slowing skin ageing. It gently exfoliates thanks to enzymes that remove dead skin cells, and soothes irritation with anti-inflammatory compounds such as acemannan. Studies show that at concentrations above 1 %, it significantly improves hydration and regeneration.

Recommended for dry, sensitive, oily, acne-prone, dehydrated and mature skin. Ideal for reactive skin after sun exposure, shaving or treatments, where it soothes redness. For acne-prone skin, it regulates sebum and cleanses pores without clogging them. For mature skin, it supports elasticity and reduces wrinkles.

A study published in the Journal of Dermatological Treatment (2009) showed that aloe vera gel at a concentration of 0,5 % accelerated wound healing by 72 % compared with the control group after 12 days. Another study in Skin Pharmacology and Physiology (2014) showed that aloe vera at a concentration of 1 % increased collagen synthesis by 25 % in a culture of human fibroblasts.

Propanediol (1,3-propanediol) is a colourless, viscous liquid often used as a more environmentally friendly alternative to propylene glycol. It has excellent hydrating properties, making it useful in cosmetics such as creams, serums and facial toners, where it acts as a humectant and solvent. In industry, it also serves as a raw material for producing polymers and biodegradable plastics. It is well tolerated by the skin and is considered a safe, gentle ingredient. This substance is obtained by fermenting natural sources, such as corn sugar or glucose from plant materials, making it a renewable alternative to petrochemical glycols. Unlike synthetic propylene glycol, which is derived from petroleum, propanediol supports sustainability and is biodegradable, reducing the environmental footprint of cosmetic products.

Propanediol acts primarily as a humectant, hydrating the skin by binding water from its surroundings and preventing its loss through transepidermal evaporation. It improves the penetration of active ingredients into the deeper layers of the skin thanks to its ability to act as a solvent and penetration enhancer. It supports skin barrier repair by increasing hydration and elasticity without causing irritation. At concentrations of 2-10 %, it significantly improves the sensory properties of formulations, reduces the stickiness of other humectants such as glycerine, and contributes to the overall stability of emulsions.

This ingredient is ideal for dry, dehydrated, sensitive and oily skin, including acne-prone and mature skin. It is recommended for all age groups, particularly those looking for environmentally friendly, gentle ingredients without the risk of irritation. It is suitable for products for children and for sensitive areas such as the eye contour, where it replaces potentially irritating alternatives.

A study published in the Journal of Cosmetic Science (2014) demonstrated that propanediol at a concentration of 5 % improved skin hydration by 25 % after 4 weeks of application compared with a placebo, as measured by corneometry. Further research in the International Journal of Cosmetic Science (2018) reports that at a concentration of 3-7 %, it increased the penetration of niacinamide into the skin by 40 %, enhancing its hydrating and barrier-supporting effects.

This water-binding ingredient acts as a moisturiser and skin softener in cosmetics. It helps active ingredients penetrate the skin. Another key benefit of pentylene glycol is that, unlike conventional alcohol, it does not have a drying effect, even at higher concentrations. Pentylene glycol is an excellent aid for macerating herbs. It does not dry the skin like conventional alcohol and, thanks to its properties, extracts both water-soluble and fat-soluble substances from herbs. Pentylene Glycol also helps prevent the growth of microorganisms on the skin. It is water-soluble, acts as a solubiliser and is colourless and odourless. Pentylene glycol is made from sugar cane bagasse and corn cobs and is certified by Ecocert Cosmos and NATRUE. The raw materials used in its production are not derived from GMO sources. This ingredient comes from renewable plant sources: bagasse is a by-product of cane sugar production, while maize provides fermentable starches, ensuring sustainable production without relying on petrochemical derivatives.

Its action is primarily based on its ability to retain moisture: it binds water in the skin and prevents moisture loss, restoring the lipid barrier. It also has antimicrobial properties that inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi, allowing it to act as a gentle preservative. It helps active ingredients penetrate deeper into the skin without disrupting its structure. At concentrations of 1 to 5 per cent, it is recommended as a safe humectant and solubiliser; at 3 per cent, it significantly reduces microbial contamination without causing irritation.

It is recommended for dry, dehydrated, sensitive and mature skin, providing effective hydration without feeling heavy. It is also suitable for oily and acne-prone skin thanks to its non-comedogenic and antimicrobial properties, which help prevent inflammation without clogging pores. It is ideal for sensitive skin, including children's skin, as it contains no harsh preservatives and minimises the risk of irritation.

A study published in the International Journal of Cosmetic Science (2012) showed that pentylene glycol at a concentration of 4 per cent inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus by 99,9 per cent and Candida albicans by 99,8 per cent after 48 hours of exposure, confirming its strong antimicrobial effects while remaining safe for the skin. Further research in the Journal of Applied Microbiology (2008) reports that, at a concentration of 2 per cent, it reduces microbial contamination in cosmetic emulsions by 4 log units within 7 days.

This microbiotic ingredient consists of an algae biocomplex enriched with a marine exopolysaccharide and minerals from seawater. The skin microbiota comprises various types of microorganisms that play a key role in skin health. It is important for beneficial bacteria to remain in balance with harmful ones, even amid our sometimes stressful lifestyles. The formula is designed to mimic a healthy, balanced diet for the skin. It combines ingredients that provide nutrients to support beneficial bacteria and regulate harmful ones. Thanks to their nutrient-rich composition, algae can balance the biodiversity of the skin flora. They actively accumulate water and marine nutrients in their cells, which they can then deliver to our skin. These nutrients include carbohydrates, which provide energy for skin cell renewal, peptides to support the growth of new cells, and amino acids to improve skin firmness. The complex combines an extract of the brown seaweed Laminaria digitata with an extract of the green freshwater microalga Chlorella vulgaris, both of which contain more than 20 minerals. Laminaria digitata, also known as Atlantic kelp, is a seaweed found along coastlines. It is rich in compounds with specific uses in the cosmetics industry, such as polygalactosides, fucose polymers and ursolic acid. Polygalactosides form a protective, moisturising complex on the skin's surface, while fucose polymers act as hydrating agents and ursolic acid provides a protective barrier. The green microalga Chlorella vulgaris contains a wide range of vitamins, amino acids, polysaccharides and chlorophyll. These substances stimulate collagen synthesis, help maintain skin hydration and support skin revitalisation. For cosmetic use, it is prepared by biofermentation followed by drying or extraction, yielding a product rich in biologically active substances. This microalga is known for a rare peptide complex called Chlorella growth factor, which enables it to grow at a remarkable rate during photosynthesis. It detoxifies the skin, soothes blemish-prone skin with a tendency to acne, and stimulates the regeneration of damaged and ageing cells. The extract of this type of Chlorella is packed with the amino acids glycine, alanine, lysine and proline, which are the building blocks of collagen in mature skin. It also improves skin tone evenness thanks to another ingredient: seawater. Seawater can effectively treat both atopic eczema and acne, which results from the interaction between oily skin and bacteria. Its high content of minerals that absorb toxins leaves the skin clean, nourished and detoxified.

It acts as a prebiotic, supporting the balance of the skin microbiota by providing nutrients to beneficial bacteria and regulating harmful ones. It moisturises the skin through carbohydrates, polysaccharides and minerals that bind water and form a protective film. It restores the skin barrier with the help of polygalactosides, fucose polymers and ursolic acid, which strengthen the hydrolipid layer. It acts as an antioxidant thanks to chlorophyll and polyphenols from algae, which neutralise free radicals. It soothes irritation and inflammation by regulating the microbiome and restoring pH to the 4,5-5,5 range. It supports detoxification and cell regeneration by stimulating collagen synthesis. The recommended concentration in cosmetics is 1-5 % for optimal results without irritation.

Recommended for dry, sensitive, oily, acne-prone, dehydrated and mature skin. Ideal for skin exposed to stress or UV radiation, or with a disrupted microbiota, as in eczema or acne. It supports microbiome health in all skin types, particularly those with an imbalanced pH or a compromised barrier.

According to a clinical study, after 1 week of twice-daily application, the number of harmful bacteria decreased by 36 %, while beneficial bacteria that protect against UV radiation increased by 400 %. Balancing the microbiota led to the restoration of the skin's pH and a reduction in redness (manufacturer Actibiome, 2022). Another study confirmed that beneficial bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis produce the enzyme urocanase, which breaks down cis-urocanic acid formed under UVB radiation, thereby protecting the skin from damage (Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 2020).

Glycoin natural is pure, natural glyceryl glucoside, produced biotechnologically through a patented enzymatic reaction. It consists of a specific stereoisomer found exclusively as a stress-protection molecule in the plant Myrothamnus flabellifolia and blue-green algae (“Spirulina”). This small polysaccharide belongs to a group of substances known as extremolytes. Extremolytes are stress-protection molecules that protect extremophile plants and microorganisms from lethal conditions in their habitats. They allow them to survive and thrive in extreme environments such as salt lakes, deserts, Arctic ice or hot springs. Glycoin natural is derived from the plant Myrothamnus flabellifolia. This little plant thrives in African deserts under extreme conditions such as prolonged drought, high temperatures and extreme UV radiation. It has the unique ability to survive very long periods of complete dehydration. During extreme drought, the plant's leaves shrink and appear dead. Then, suddenly, a miracle of nature occurs: during the rare moments of rainfall in the desert, the plant comes back to life. It turns green again and restores its vital functions within just two hours. Prolonged drought causes it to dry out again, and it waits once more for the next miracle of resurrection: rain. The stress-protection molecule Glycoin natural makes the fascinating survival and resurrection of the Myrothamnus plant possible. Glycoin natural protects the plant's structure from damage as it dries out and, as soon as water becomes available again, stimulates the plant and restores its cellular functions. This fascinating restorative and strengthening activity of Glycoin natural can also benefit our skin.

Glycoin natural acts as a powerful moisturiser and skin barrier restorer, while stimulating cellular vitality and providing antioxidant protection. It stimulates ATP production in aged skin cells, increasing their metabolic activity. It strengthens the skin's own immune system, promotes the proliferation of new dermal cells and stimulates type I procollagen synthesis even in ageing cells. It improves the density of mature skin, reduces pigmentation and has a soothing effect after sunburn. In in vivo tests, it increases skin hydration by 24 percent, smoothness by 61 percent and elasticity by up to 93 percent. The optimal concentration in cosmetic formulations ranges from 1 to 5 percent for maximum efficacy without irritation.

It is particularly recommended for dry, dehydrated, sensitive and mature skin, helping to restore hydration and vitality. It is also suitable for skin exposed to environmental stress, such as UV radiation or dry air, and for those seeking natural anti-ageing support. Thanks to its soothing properties, it also benefits irritated skin after sun exposure.

An in vivo study involving a panel of 20 volunteers demonstrated that Glycoin natural at a concentration of 2 percent increases the metabolic activity of ageing skin cells by 170 percent after 28 days of application (clinical tests by bitop AG, 2015). Another in vivo test involving 30 women showed a 61 percent increase in skin smoothness and a 93 percent increase in elasticity after 4 weeks of daily use in a serum (Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2018).

This plant-derived carbohydrate complex is made from sugars sourced from edible plants. Its composition is designed to resemble the natural carbohydrates found in the skin's outermost layer. The raw material supplied is a water-based blend in which citric acid and sodium citrate help maintain a suitable pH and stability. It is neither an oil nor an ingredient that forms a heavy, greasy film.

Pentavitin acts as a humectant, attracting and retaining water in the surface layers of the skin. The carbohydrate complex has an affinity for keratin, so it stays on the skin longer than many common moisturising ingredients that wash off easily. It helps reduce tightness, flaking and roughness. It also supports skin barrier function, as a better-hydrated outermost layer is more supple and resistant to drying out.

We recommend it particularly for dry, dehydrated, sensitive and mature skin. It is also suitable for oily or acne-prone skin that needs hydration without heavy oils. It works well in serums, creams, masks and gentle cleansers. It can be useful in a routine that includes retinoids or exfoliating acids, helping to ease the dryness that can accompany their use. However, it is not a treatment for eczema, rosacea or acne.

A placebo-controlled clinical study followed 30 adults with flaky scalps for 28 days. Shampoos containing 0,2 and 0,5 per cent Saccharide Isomerate improved transepidermal water loss, sebum production and flaking compared with the placebo. At a concentration of 0,5 per cent, repeated use led to an approximately 55 per cent reduction in visible flakes and, after 28 days, a 37 per cent reduction in sebum. The results support this ingredient's hydrating and barrier-supporting mechanism, although they were obtained on the scalp rather than the face (Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 2023).

Its use in skincare depends on the type of product and the supplier's recommendations. Its effect depends on the overall formulation, so it is often combined with glycerine, betaine, panthenol, hyaluronic acid or ceramides. A humectant binds water, but very dry skin also needs an emollient or occlusive ingredient to help lock in hydration.

Offers a new approach to corneotherapy (corneotherapy, from the Latin corneum = horny layer, is a new field in cosmetics that focuses specifically on the outermost layer of the skin. Cosmopharmacy is a specialised combination of cosmetology and pharmacy). This active ingredient is specially designed to provide gradual, controlled diffusion of AHA acids. The lamellar gel formulation also prevents potential skin irritation or inflammation. The water-based lamellar gel consists of a biomaterial into which AHA acids are absorbed. This technology allows lower concentrations of AHA acids to be used, with effects comparable to those of conventional AHA acids. This makes it suitable even for sensitive skin or skin that becomes irritated or inflamed when conventional AHA acids are used. Composition: a synergy of alpha-hydroxy acids: 15% glycolic acid, 7% lactic acid and 6% citric acid absorbed into a lamellar biomaterial. IN VIVO tests showed renewal of the skin's horny layer, giving the skin a beautiful, more radiant and velvety appearance. AHA acids weaken the cohesion of the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of skin, made up of dead cells called corneocytes), increasing exfoliation and accelerating cell renewal. Effective exfoliation without potential irritation or inflammation of the corneocytes ensures an even skin tone, reduces hyperpigmentation, softens acne scars and releases sebum from the pores.

The mechanism of action involves gradual exfoliation, in which AHA acids weaken the bonds between corneocytes in the stratum corneum, encouraging the shedding of dead cells and accelerating skin renewal. At the same time, the lamellar gel ensures controlled diffusion, minimises irritation and restores the skin barrier. It provides a moisturising effect thanks to lactic acid, antioxidant protection through citric acid and the soothing properties of the biomaterial. The recommended concentration in the finished product is 1-5% for optimal results without the risk of irritation.

Recommended for dry, sensitive, oily, acne-prone, dehydrated and mature skin. Ideal for people with hyperpigmentation, acne scars or an uneven skin tone, for whom conventional AHAs are unsuitable because of irritation. Also suitable for sensitive skin, as lower concentrations achieve comparable effects with less risk.

A study published in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology (2004) demonstrated that a combination of 8% glycolic acid and 3% lactic acid in a lamellar system reduced the thickness of the stratum corneum by 25% after 4 weeks, with no erythema occurring in 92% of participants with sensitive skin. Another clinical study in the International Journal of Cosmetic Science (2018) reports that a 5% AHA complex in a biomaterial improved hydration by 40% and reduced hyperpigmentation by 30% over 6 weeks in patients with photoageing.

This naturally occurring amino acid compound is most commonly derived from sugar beet. It helps plants cope with drought and high salt concentrations by stabilising the water balance within cells. In cosmetics, it is used as an osmolyte and humectant. It dissolves readily in water, has no strong colour or scent and is easy to incorporate into serums, creams and cleansers.

Betaine binds water in the surface layers of the skin and helps maintain a comfortable feeling of hydration without a heavy or sticky film. It reduces uncomfortable tightness, supports the suppleness of the outermost layer of skin and may reduce irritation caused by cleansing surfactants. Rather than acting as a greasy, occlusive oil, it helps cells manage water more effectively. In formulations, it is often combined with glycerine, panthenol, hyaluronic acid or components of the skin’s natural moisturising factor.

We particularly recommend it for dry, dehydrated, sensitive skin and skin with a compromised barrier. It is also very well suited to oily and acne-prone skin that needs hydration but cannot tolerate rich emollients. It is beneficial during winter, after sun exposure, in air-conditioned environments or in products used alongside retinoids and exfoliating acids.

In a study of a cream containing 4 per cent betaine, a significant reduction in transepidermal water loss was recorded after four weeks, suggesting improved skin barrier function. Measures of hydration and the appearance of wrinkles were also assessed (PuraBeet Skin Care Study, 2025). This is a supplier study, so the results should be interpreted in the context of the complete formulation.

It is commonly used at concentrations of around 1 to 5 per cent, and at higher levels in some products. It is stable across a wide pH range and is generally well tolerated. In highly concentrated water-based serums, the amount of other humectants needs to be balanced to prevent the product from feeling sticky.

In your daily routine, it is worth focusing on longer-term comfort, suppleness and whether your skin feels less tight throughout the day. In a dry climate, a humectant also needs an emollient or occlusive ingredient to lock in the retained water. The result therefore depends on the complete formulation, regular use and gentle cleansing, not just a high concentration of a single ingredient. Regular application in an appropriate amount is also important.

Oligofurcellaran concentrate activates epidermal hyaluronic acid to help restructure the skin. It is derived from the red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis. Furcellaria lumbricalis is a seaweed with glossy, cartilaginous, cylindrical fronds that grows to 5-30 cm. For our purposes, it is cultivated in a laboratory. The extract is obtained using a specialised method of supercritical CO2 extraction and enriched with seawater. The uptake of marine nutrients, particularly potassium, gives it hygroscopic and gelling properties similar to those of hyaluronic acid. It has a high molecular weight and acts as a macromolecule on the skin's surface. This bio-extract from red algae is natural and free from synthetic additives, while laboratory cultivation ensures purity and consistent quality without placing an environmental burden on wild populations.

Oligofurcellaran concentrate moisturises the skin through its hygroscopic properties, trapping water molecules on the surface. It can hold almost its own weight in water, maintaining a moist film. It stimulates the synthesis of epidermal hyaluronic acid by promoting the production of the enzyme Hyaluronan synthase, helping to rehydrate and restructure the skin. It restores the skin barrier by promoting the production of the protein Claudin and ceramides to form barrier junctions between cells, preventing transepidermal water loss. It strengthens skin cohesion from the deeper to the surface layers, slows ageing and protects against the harmful effects of pollution. It supports hydration in the deeper layers and plumping in the middle and upper layers. The recommended concentration in cosmetic formulations is 1-3 % for optimal results.

It is recommended for dry, dehydrated, sensitive and mature skin, providing intensive hydration and restoring the barrier. It is also suitable for skin exposed to urban pollution, as it forms a protective film like a second skin. Its lightweight texture benefits oily and acne-prone skin without clogging pores, soothing irritation and improving elasticity. It is ideal for all age groups experiencing dehydration or a weakened skin barrier, including use around the eyes to reduce puffiness.

A study published in the Journal of Cosmetic Science (2018) showed that oligofurcellaran at a concentration of 2 % increased hyaluronic acid synthesis in the epidermis by 45 % after 28 days of in vitro application to human keratinocytes, improving hydration by 32 % as measured by corneometry. Further research in the International Journal of Cosmetic Science (2020) confirmed that, at a concentration of 1,5 %, it reduced transepidermal water loss by 28 % over 14 days in a skin model exposed to a dry environment.

Produced from coconut oil, it is a natural water-binding substance that also occurs in the body. Its main properties are hydrating and restorative, and it creates a protective barrier against dryness. It leaves a soft, silky, supple layer on the skin and prevents moisture loss, helping to build the skin's protective barrier. Its concentration in the finished product is important. In addition to coconut oil, it can also be obtained from vegetable oils such as palm or soya oil through hydrolysis, or as a by-product of biodiesel production. It belongs to a group of humectants that can bind up to 1000 times their weight in water from their surroundings, ensuring long-lasting hydration. It occurs naturally in the skin as part of the natural moisturising factors (NMF) that make up the outermost layer of the epidermis. It can also be produced synthetically for greater purity in cosmetics, although the natural form is preferred in organic products. It supports skin elasticity by improving the penetration of other active ingredients into deeper layers.

As a humectant, it intensely moisturises the skin by attracting and binding water molecules from the environment and the lower layers of the skin. It restores the skin barrier by forming a protective film that minimises transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and protects against environmental factors such as dry air and pollution. It has a mild soothing effect on irritated skin and supports its regeneration. At concentrations of 5-20 % in serums or creams, it significantly increases hydration; with 10 % glycerine, moisture loss was reduced by 25 % after 24 hours (Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2018). At lower concentrations (below 5 %), it acts as a solubiliser for essential oils.

It is recommended for dry, dehydrated, sensitive and mature skin, where it prevents wrinkles caused by dehydration. At low concentrations, it is also suitable for oily and acne-prone skin, as it does not leave a greasy film and regulates hydration without clogging pores. It is ideal for atopic dermatitis or eczema, where it supports barrier repair. During the winter months or in dry environments, it is invaluable for all skin types, especially for children and older people with thin skin.

A study published in the International Journal of Cosmetic Science (2015) showed that a 20 % glycerine solution increased skin hydration by 40 % after 7 days of application in women with dry skin. Further research in the British Journal of Dermatology (2008) reports that glycerine at a concentration of 6 %, combined with lipids, restored the skin barrier 30 % faster than a placebo in patients with eczema.

Panthenol is a water-soluble vitamin involved in the metabolism of all nutrients in the body. Its name comes from Greek and means “found everywhere”. Indeed, it is found in almost every food and is essential for healthy skin. It is a hygroscopic ingredient that effectively binds water and helps optimise skin function. It helps keep the skin hydrated and smooth, stimulates the formation of new cells, speeds up healing processes and soothes the skin. It is produced synthetically from pantothenic acid, which occurs naturally in both plant and animal sources. Organic cosmetics favour a safe form obtained through gentle synthesis from natural sources. In the body, it is converted into active pantothenic acid, which supports regeneration and is essential for healthy skin, hair and nails.

Provitamin B5 improves the regeneration of mature skin by speeding up cell metabolism and stimulating cell renewal. It helps retain moisture in the skin and has anti-inflammatory, hydrating and soothing effects. It protects the skin against sunburn. D-panthenol improves skin metabolism and nourishment, helps maintain its youthful appearance and reduces wrinkle formation. It works by hydrating the skin as a humectant, binding water in the upper layers of the skin and preventing transepidermal water loss; restoring the skin barrier by stimulating the synthesis of sphingolipids and fatty acids; providing antioxidant protection against free radicals; soothing inflammation by modulating inflammatory pathways; and accelerating healing by promoting the proliferation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes. The recommended concentration in cosmetics is 0,5 % to 10 %.

Ideal for dry, sensitive, dehydrated, mature, acne-prone and irritated skin, including children's skin and skin after sun exposure. It is recommended for eczema, burns and insect bites, as well as after tattooing or shaving, where it relieves itching and redness and supports healing without the risk of irritation.

A study published in the Journal of Dermatological Treatment (2011) showed that a gel containing 5 % D-panthenol applied twice daily to dry, itchy skin significantly improved hydration by 20 % and reduced itching by 30 % after just 7 days compared with a placebo (Ebner et al., 2011). Another study in the International Journal of Cosmetic Science (2002) reported that 2 % panthenol in a cream strengthened the skin barrier, increased ceramide levels and reduced transepidermal water loss by 25 % after 4 weeks in individuals with atopic eczema (Proksch et al., 2002).

This amino sugar molecule occurs naturally in the body and is a building block of several polysaccharides. Cosmetic-grade material is produced by fermentation or controlled synthesis. It dissolves readily in water and is stable in mildly acidic to neutral conditions. In formulations, it is used as a hydrating and brightening ingredient with very good skin tolerance.

N-Acetyl Glucosamine helps reduce excess pigment production by influencing the glycosylation of tyrosinase, an enzyme needed for melanin production. It also supports the skin’s natural production of hyaluronic acid, contributing to a smoother, more hydrated surface. Its effect is gradual and gentle, without typical peeling. It works particularly well with niacinamide, as the two ingredients target pigmentation through different mechanisms.

We recommend it for skin with pigmentation, as well as dry, dehydrated, sensitive and mature skin. It is suitable for sun spots, uneven skin tone and post-acne marks, particularly for people who do not tolerate strong exfoliating acids well. It can also be used on oily skin, as it leaves no oily film and generally does not clog pores.

In an eight-week double-blind study, a 2 per cent concentration of N-acetylglucosamine reduced the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation compared with the vehicle alone. A combination of 2 per cent NAG and 4 per cent niacinamide delivered an even greater improvement in pigmentation spots (Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 2007). The results support long-term, regular use alongside daily SPF.

It is most commonly used at a concentration of approximately 1 to 4 per cent. The formulation’s pH should be kept in the mildly acidic to neutral range, and compatibility with reducing sugars and high temperatures should be monitored. When addressing pigmentation, broad-spectrum sun protection must be part of the routine.

In a daily routine, it is worth assessing longer-term skin comfort and suppleness in particular, as well as whether the skin feels less tight throughout the day. In a dry climate, a humectant also needs an emollient or occlusive ingredient to lock in the retained water. The result therefore depends on the whole formulation, consistent use and gentle cleansing, rather than a high concentration of a single ingredient. Regular application in an appropriate amount is also important.

A multifunctional additive suitable for formulating preservative-free cosmetic products. Both ingredients have intrinsic antimicrobial properties that allow products to be formulated safely with a low potential for irritation and sensitisation. Phenethyl alcohol is an organic compound in the form of a colourless liquid. It occurs naturally in essential oils and has a pleasant floral scent. In cosmetics, it acts as a preservative and fragrance ingredient. It is found in make-up, eye make-up, personal care products, shampoos, perfumes and colognes. Phenethyl alcohol is safe in cosmetics and personal care products at concentrations of up to 1 %. At higher concentrations, it causes mild skin and eye irritation. It poses no risk to the foetus or to pregnant or breastfeeding women. It is vegan and permitted in organic cosmetics. Caprylyl glycol is obtained from coconut or palm oil, making it a naturally derived substance suitable for vegan and organic formulations.

Phenethyl alcohol is an organic compound in the form of a colourless liquid. It occurs naturally in essential oils and has a pleasant floral scent. In cosmetics, it acts as a preservative and fragrance ingredient. It is found in make-up, eye make-up, personal care products, shampoos, perfumes and colognes. Phenethyl alcohol is safe in cosmetics and personal care products at concentrations of up to 1 %. Caprylyl glycol is used in cosmetics as a surfactant and emulsifier, improving product texture and helping water and oil combine effectively. It is a humectant and skin-conditioning agent that maintains the skin's moisture balance. It also acts as a stabiliser and preservative and enhances the antimicrobial activity of other preservatives. In fact, it is often used in preservative blends. Its multifunctional nature (moisturising and antimicrobial) makes it useful in many cosmetic products. Its mechanism of action involves moisturising, restoring the skin barrier and providing antimicrobial protection; phenethyl alcohol inhibits the growth of bacteria and yeasts at concentrations of 0,5-1 %, while caprylyl glycol retains moisture and enhances the antimicrobial effect at levels of 0,5-2 %.

It is mild and gentle on the skin and can be used in products for children's skin. Allergic reactions to caprylyl glycol are very rare, and it is very well tolerated. It is recommended for dry, sensitive, dehydrated, oily and acne-prone skin, as well as mature skin and products for children aged 0+ years. Its low sensitisation potential makes it ideal for atopic skin, eczema or rosacea, where it minimises the risk of irritation with long-term use.

A study published in the Journal of Cosmetic Science (2014) demonstrated that a blend of phenethyl alcohol and caprylyl glycol at a concentration of 1 % inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus by 99,9 % and Candida albicans by 95 % after 7 days of incubation, significantly extending the microbial stability of emulsions without traditional preservatives. Further research in the International Journal of Cosmetic Science (2018) confirmed that caprylyl glycol at a concentration of 1 % improves skin hydration by 25 % after 4 weeks of application in individuals with dry skin.

Ectoin® natural comes from a natural source – it is a bioactive molecule isolated from extremophilic microorganisms that occur naturally in hypersaline environments. This ingredient is the result of an evolutionary adaptation that allows organisms to protect their cells against extreme conditions. Ectoin belongs to a group of substances known as extremolytes – natural osmoprotectants that enable cells to survive in harsh environments. Its natural origin and complex mechanism of action place it among the most advanced bioactive ingredients in natural cosmetics.

This ingredient works in several ways to restore and strengthen the skin barrier. Ectoin acts as a powerful water-binding agent, retaining water deep within the skin and increasing hydration by up to 200 percent compared with untreated skin. It also acts as an antioxidant, neutralising free radicals and protecting cells from damage caused by UV radiation, blue light and environmental pollution. Its anti-inflammatory action reduces inflammation and supports the repair of a damaged skin barrier, helping to soothe irritation and sensitivity.

Ectoin® natural is ideally suited to sensitive, dehydrated, stressed and mature skin. It is recommended for people with dry, irritated areas, as well as those whose skin is affected by inflammatory conditions. It also brings relief to skin exposed to intense sunlight or environmental stress. Its gentle nature means it can also be used on oily and acne-prone skin without the risk of further irritation.

Clinical studies confirm its significant effects: during a 12-day trial, skin hydration increased by up to 200 percent, and this level of hydration was maintained for a further 7 days after application stopped. After 10 days of regular use, the increased hydration level remained almost constant until day 19 of the study, highlighting its long-lasting moisturising effect.

This water-soluble polymer is made by modifying natural cellulose. In cosmetics, it acts as a thickener, stabiliser and gelling agent. It has no pronounced colour or scent and allows the creation of clear to slightly opalescent serums. It is a functional ingredient in the formula, not an active botanical ingredient with a direct rejuvenating effect.

Hydroxyethylcellulose increases the viscosity of the water phase, keeps insoluble particles evenly dispersed and makes the product easier to dispense. It forms a fine film on the skin, which can reduce the feeling of roughness and help distribute hydrating or exfoliating active ingredients evenly. On its own, it does not replenish ceramides or stimulate collagen. At the right concentration, it gives the product a smooth glide, but too much can cause stringiness, stickiness or pilling.

In finished products, it is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and acne-prone skin, as it is a non-ionic and generally well-tolerated polymer. It is useful in acid-based serums, hydrating gels, cleansers and scalp products. Suitability for a particular skin type always depends on the active ingredients and the preservative system.

Researchers used hydroxyethylcellulose as the base for a dermal hydrogel to deliver khellin and assessed its permeation and acute toxicity. The gel provided a stable carrier medium and enabled controlled delivery through the skin (International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021). The study demonstrates the polymer's role as a safe carrier, not a therapeutic effect of its own.

The typical concentration is approximately 0,1 to 1,5 per cent. The powder should be dispersed slowly in water and allowed to hydrate fully to prevent lumps. The manufacturer must monitor viscosity at the target pH and compatibility with electrolytes, surfactants and high levels of active ingredients.

For the user, its benefits are mainly apparent in how the product spreads, absorbs and stays on the skin. A good texture is not just an aesthetic quality: it helps active ingredients spread evenly and encourages regular use. When assessing a finished product, it is important to consider stability, pilling, stickiness and how it behaves when SPF or make-up is applied afterwards. Suitable packaging and a dispensing system are also important.

Polyfructose extracted from chicory root (Cichorium Intybus) and enzymatically purified to a chain length of more than 10 fructose units. In addition to restoring the skin microbiome, it provides cells with the energy they need for their metabolism and functions. A new, scientifically tested skin prebiotic. A prebiotic is essentially a selective nutritional supplement for our protective, beneficial skin microbiota. Harmful microorganisms cannot metabolise the prebiotic. This strengthens and balances the skin's natural microbiota while putting harmful microorganisms at a disadvantage. As our first line of defence, our skin microbiota is constantly exposed to harsh environmental conditions. Pollution, excessive UV exposure, household chemicals and harsh cosmetics can disrupt its delicate balance. Its only resources for survival are dead corneocytes, sebum and oxidised skin lipids. Sometimes this is simply not enough to cope with environmental conditions. When this barrier weakens, our skin becomes sensitive, dry, infected, itchy and wrinkled: the skin ages. The solution to slowing skin ageing and keeping skin healthy is to provide energy for, and protect, this precious barrier formed by the skin microbiota. Protecting, strengthening and balancing the human skin microbiota is a key strategy for maintaining skin health and beauty. The prebiotic culture significantly improves the skin microbiota, making skin more resilient and healthier.

It works by selectively feeding beneficial bacteria in the skin microbiome, helping to restore the skin barrier, moisturise the skin and provide antioxidant action. It supplies cells with energy for their metabolism, promotes the growth of beneficial microorganisms and puts harmful ones at a disadvantage. It forms a light protective film, maintains the skin's slightly acidic pH and reduces oxidative stress. Clinical studies show that regular use helps maintain skin barrier homeostasis, triggers antioxidant responses and increases skin hydration.

Recommended for dry, sensitive, irritated, acne-prone, dehydrated and mature skin. It is ideal for skin weakened by external factors such as pollution or UV exposure, helping to strengthen its defences and improve hydration. Suitable for all skin types, especially those with a disrupted microbiota, as seen in acne, eczema or ageing skin.

Clinical studies show that regular use of the prebiotic complex increases skin hydration over 28 days and helps maintain skin barrier homeostasis (Prebiulin clinical tests, Givaudan). Prebiotics reduce inflammation and strengthen the barrier, helping to reduce redness in sensitive skin (studies on probiotics and prebiotics in cosmetics, AntiAge.sk).

These are microscopic, needle-like structures obtained from the silica skeletons of freshwater or marine sponges, then hydrolysed and purified. In cosmetics, they act as a physical delivery system that temporarily lodges in the outermost layers of the skin during massage. Rather than a soluble active ingredient, this is a mechanical technology that increases contact with and penetration of other ingredients.

Spicules create very fine microchannels and support surface renewal. This can increase the penetration of hydrating, brightening or anti-acne ingredients. Application often causes a prickling sensation that can last for several hours. Greater intensity is not automatically better. An excessive dose, use alongside acids or retinoids, or application to skin with a compromised barrier can lead to redness, inflammation and increased sensitivity.

They are best suited to more resilient, oily, thickened or uneven skin, and to experienced users of intensive skincare. We do not recommend them for rosacea, eczema, actively inflamed acne, open wounds or immediately after aesthetic procedures. Those with sensitive skin should choose a very low intensity or avoid this technology.

In a study using spicules from the Haliclona sponge, penetration of the antimicrobial peptide tested into the skin increased to 40,9 plus or minus 5,9 per cent, which was 6,1 times higher than with the peptide alone (Pharmaceutics, 2024). The result demonstrates a strong delivery effect, but also highlights the need for very careful formulation.

The concentration depends on size, purity and the manufacturer's recommendations. The product is applied with gentle massage and should not be layered with other irritating active ingredients. Sun protection is essential after use. The manufacturer must verify microbiological purity, particle size and the tolerability of the finished product.

With technologically advanced delivery and stimulation systems, the quality of the finished product matters more than an impressive ingredient name. The effect depends on the dose, how the ingredient is incorporated, the packaging and stability throughout the product's shelf life. Those with sensitive skin should proceed cautiously and try a new product on its own. Manufacturers should base their claims on testing of the finished formulation, not solely on data from the raw material supplier.

This is the sodium salt of a naturally occurring amino acid compound and an important component of the skin’s natural moisturising factor. It is manufactured using a clean, controlled process and used in cosmetics as a highly effective humectant. It is water-soluble and fits naturally into formulations that mimic the way a healthy outer skin layer retains moisture.

Sodium PCA attracts and retains water in the outer layer of the skin, helping to reduce roughness, flaking and tightness. It supports the suppleness of surface skin cells and improves comfort without leaving a greasy film. It is not an exfoliating acid, although the abbreviation PCA may sound technical. It works mainly as part of a moisturising system and combines well with amino acids, lactate, betaine, glycerine and hyaluronic acid.

It is particularly beneficial for dry, dehydrated, mature and sensitive skin. Its lightweight, water-based nature also makes it suitable for oily and acne-prone skin that needs to restore hydration without clogging pores. It is useful in products applied after cleansing, toners, serums, creams and treatments for dry hands or body.

A comparative study of moisturising ingredients on Asian skin showed that 1 per cent Sodium PCA increased hydration by more than 25 per cent compared with an untreated area and a placebo during the first three hours after application (Cosmetics and Toiletries, 2005). This result confirms its rapid humectant effect, rather than a long-term replacement for the lipid barrier.

Typical use levels range from around 0,2 to 5 per cent, depending on the product type. At high concentrations, it can increase stickiness, so it is combined with emollients and film-forming ingredients. It is generally very well tolerated, although the final feel depends on the formulation as a whole.

In your daily routine, it is worth assessing longer-term comfort and suppleness in particular, as well as whether your skin feels less tight during the day. In a dry climate, a humectant also needs an emollient or occlusive ingredient to lock in the retained water. The result therefore depends on the whole formulation, regular use and gentle cleansing, rather than simply a high concentration of one ingredient. Regular application in appropriate amounts is also important.

Allantoin is a natural metabolite found in a variety of plants, including horse chestnut, comfrey, maple and wheat germ. In the cosmetics industry, it is extracted from organically grown plants, ensuring its natural and sustainable origin. This active ingredient is recognised worldwide for its multifunctional skincare properties.

Allantoin works primarily by providing intensive hydration and restoring the skin's natural barrier. It acts as a proven humectant, helping to retain moisture in the deeper layers of the skin. It also has soothing properties and helps reduce redness and irritation. Allantoin stimulates skin tissue regeneration and supports collagen synthesis, helping to renew the skin and minimise visible imperfections. At concentrations of 0,1 to 0,5 %, it has mild keratolytic effects, gently removing dead skin cells without harsh action. It also provides antioxidant protection against free radicals and UV radiation.

Allantoin is an ideal choice particularly for sensitive and irritated skin, including skin prone to eczema and atopic dermatitis. It also works exceptionally well on dry, dehydrated and mature skin in need of intensive regeneration and renewal. Its gentle action makes it safe even for the skin of newborns and young children. It is also recommended for skin with concerns such as acne or psoriasis, as its soothing and healing effects do not cause irritation. It shows no signs of toxicity or potential to cause allergic reactions.

Scientific research confirms allantoin's effectiveness in practice. According to dermatological and cosmetic studies, allantoin at concentrations of 0,2 to 0,5 %, combined with other ingredients, reduces skin irritation and supports regeneration within two to four weeks of regular use. Its keratoplastic and collagen-stimulating properties have long been documented in scientific literature, making it one of the most trusted ingredients in natural cosmetics.

Origin and key information:

This active ingredient is a 100 per cent natural multi-complex made up of fermented polysaccharides. It is produced through a biotechnological process in which polysaccharides are obtained from plant-derived sorbitol and peptone through fermentation. Under natural cosmetics standards, biotechnological processes such as microbial fermentation are considered acceptable methods for producing natural cosmetic raw materials. This makes it a highly pure and consistent natural extract, free from synthetic ingredients and genetically modified raw materials. Thanks to the macromolecular structure of its polysaccharides, it is a powerful natural moisturising agent with exceptional potential for skin care.

Function and mechanism of action:

This ingredient acts primarily as an intensive moisturising agent with immediate and long-lasting effects. Thanks to its complex polysaccharide structure, it forms a fine, impermeable film on the skin's surface, effectively protecting it from environmental influences and preventing moisture loss. It also actively restores the skin's natural moisture barrier. Its structure allows extracellular enzymes to break it down relatively easily into simpler sugars with strong moisturising properties, while it acts as a natural water-binding agent. The ingredient also has anti-inflammatory and soothing effects, reducing irritation and easing allergic reactions. It reduces inflammatory processes in the skin and provides a toning effect. It does not leave a shiny or greasy finish, making it suitable for problem skin too.

Clinical results and statistics:

Clinical testing has confirmed the exceptional effectiveness of this ingredient. One hour after application, skin hydration increases by 44 per cent. Three hours after application, the increase in hydration reaches 79 per cent, demonstrating a long-lasting and cumulative moisturising effect. This significant hydration is attributed to the action of skin enzymes, which accelerate the penetration of active ingredients deeper into the dermis.

Recommended skin types:

This ingredient is suitable for all skin types. It is particularly recommended for sensitive, mature and dehydrated skin, where it provides intensive hydration and supports regeneration. Its soothing effect also makes it ideal for irritated and reactive skin. It leaves the skin soft, smooth and beautifully silky, enhancing its feeling of comfort. As it leaves no stickiness or greasy shine, it is also suitable for oily and acne-prone skin. A distinctive feature of this ingredient is that it leaves no unwanted residue, keeping the skin feeling fresh and nourished.

Certification and environmental value:

This natural multi-complex is certified to prestigious international standards for natural and organic cosmetics. COSMOS Organic and ECOCERT certification guarantees that the ingredient meets the strictest requirements for natural origin and environmental sustainability. Under COSMOS certification standards, natural cosmetics must be made only from natural raw materials or materials obtained through biotechnological processes, a requirement this ingredient fully meets.

This sodium salt of hyaluronic acid is produced through biotechnological fermentation and then processed to achieve a low molecular weight. The smaller chains spread more easily within the surface layers of the skin and form a less noticeable sticky film. The ingredient is water-soluble and is used in concentrated hydrating and smoothing serums.

Supreme HyalRelift binds water, supports the suppleness of the stratum corneum and may visibly soften fine lines caused by dehydration. The low-molecular-weight form penetrates the epidermis better than very large chains, but it is not an injectable filler and does not create lasting volume. At high concentrations, it can feel sticky or increase tightness in dry climates, so it is combined with emollients and an occlusive layer.

We recommend it for dehydrated, dry, mature and oily skin. It is suitable for use under a light moisturiser and in after-sun products. For very sensitive or inflamed skin, a carefully formulated low dose should be used, as very small hyaluronate fragments may stimulate inflammatory signals under certain conditions.

A clinical study using 0,1 per cent formulations of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights showed significant improvements in hydration and elasticity with all variants. After 60 days, the 50 and 130 kDa forms significantly reduced wrinkle depth compared with placebo (Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 2011). This finding supports the importance of low molecular weight for smoothing the skin.

The active concentration is usually around 0,05 to 0,2 per cent, depending on molecular weight and purity. The powder must be hydrated slowly in water without forming lumps. When combining several types of hyaluronate, stickiness, viscosity and microbiological stability need to be monitored.

In your daily routine, it is worth assessing longer-term comfort, suppleness and whether your skin feels less tight during the day. In dry climates, a humectant also needs an emollient or occlusive ingredient to lock in the water it retains. The result therefore depends on the whole formula, consistent use and gentle cleansing, rather than on a single high concentration. Regular application in appropriate amounts is also important.

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, is an inorganic chemical compound produced synthetically through the electrolysis of sodium chloride. Today, it is manufactured using modern brine electrolysis, in which it is formed as a by-product of chlorine production. This strongly alkaline compound has the formula NaOH and consists of sodium ions and hydroxide anions, which are responsible for its pronounced alkaline properties.

In cosmetics, sodium hydroxide acts primarily as a pH regulator and buffering agent. Its main role is to neutralise excess acidity in products, ensuring that the finished product is balanced and safe for the skin. In chemical peels and exfoliating products, it helps break down the outer layers of the skin, allowing dead skin cells to be removed. Sodium hydroxide is also used in soap-making, where it combines with vegetable oils and fats to form the basis of bar soaps through a process called saponification. In cosmetics, it is used at very low concentrations – approximately 2 % in hair relaxers, 4,5 % in professional hair relaxers and up to pH 12,7 in hair removal products.

Sodium hydroxide is particularly recommended in products designed to care for sensitive and mature skin, where precise pH adjustment is important. It is found in shampoos, shower gels, creams, soaps and even hair removal products. People with very sensitive skin, eczema or a compromised skin barrier are advised to consult a dermatologist before use, as sodium hydroxide in its pure form is a highly corrosive substance that causes severe burns.

Most high-quality cosmetic products containing sodium hydroxide are formulated within a safe pH range of 4,5 to 5,5, which corresponds to the natural pH of human skin. These products are usually well tolerated by the skin, provided the concentration is appropriate and they are used correctly according to the instructions. In the event of a chemical burn, the affected area should be rinsed immediately with cold water and neutralised with diluted vinegar or citric acid.

This naturally derived polysaccharide is produced by fermenting sugars with a filamentous fungus. Once fermentation is complete, the resulting substance is separated, purified and dried into a fine powder. In cosmetics, it offers a plant-based alternative to certain synthetic thickeners and is valued for its smooth, soft texture without a noticeably sticky feel.

In a formula, it acts primarily as a thickener, stabiliser and suspending agent. When hydrated in water, it forms a three-dimensional network that increases the viscosity of a gel or emulsion. It helps keep oil droplets, pigments and fine powder particles evenly dispersed and reduces settling. It improves spreadability and can leave a delicate film on the skin, helping it feel comfortable and indirectly helping to slow water evaporation. However, it is not a hydrating or anti-inflammatory active ingredient in its own right. In cosmetic formulations, it is commonly used at concentrations of approximately 0,1 to 2 per cent, depending on the desired consistency.

It is suitable for gels, serums, creams, emulsions, sunscreens and gentle cleansing products. It works well in products for dry, dehydrated, sensitive and mature skin, where it helps create a soft, protective texture. It can also be used for oily or acne-prone skin, as it allows lightweight gel formulations to be made without large amounts of oil. However, suitability for any particular skin type always depends on the product's full formulation.

A study of scleroglucan hydrogels prepared at a concentration of 2 per cent showed that the systems had firm, elastic properties. Two networks tested achieved elastic moduli of 113 and 161 Pa, with smaller pores measuring 7 micrometres associated with greater gel strength. At a concentration of 2 grams per litre, the emulsifying capacity with a model oil reached 56 to 60 per cent (International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2007). The results primarily confirm its ability to form a stable gel structure, keep particles in suspension and support emulsion stability.

During manufacture, it hydrates best directly in the water phase with consistent stirring. The powder should be added gradually to avoid lumps. The final viscosity depends on the concentration, pH, electrolyte content, other polymers and the mixing method. Stability must therefore be checked in the complete formulation before use in production.